July 25

July 25 is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 159 days remaining until the end of the year.

Events

• 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler.
• 306 - Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
• 864 - The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings.
• 1139 - Battle of Ourique: the independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of León and Castile is declared after the battle against the Almoravids.
• 1261 - The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.
• 1722 - The Three Years War begins along the Maine and Massachusetts border.
• 1758 - Seven Years' War: the island battery at Fortress Louisbourg in Nova Scotia is silenced and all French warships are destroyed or taken.
• 1759 - French and Indian War: in Western New York, British forces capture Fort Niagara from the French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé.
• 1797 - Horatio Nelson loses more than 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife (Spain).
• 1799 - At Aboukir in Egypt, Napoleon I of France defeats 10,000 Ottomans under Mustafa Pasha.
• 1814 - War of 1812: Battle of Lundy's Lane - reinforcements arrive near Niagara Falls for General Riall's British and Canadian forces and a bloody, all-night battle with Jacob Brown's Americans commences at 18.00; the Americans retreat to Fort Erie.
• 1861 - American Civil War: the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution is passed by the U.S. Congress stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery.
• 1866 - The U.S. Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army (commonly called "5-star general"). Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to be promoted to this rank.
• 1894 - The First Sino-Japanese War begins when the Japanese fire upon a Chinese warship.
• 1898 - The United States invasion of Puerto Rico begins with U.S. troops landing at harbor of Guánica, Puerto Rico (The land invasion, proper, began that day: Sea-based bombardment and shelling of the capital city of San Juan had been occurring since May 1898).
• 1939 - First flight of the Avro Manchester medium bomber, the immediate predecessor of the famous Lancaster bomber of WWII.
• 1940 - General Guisan orders the Swiss Army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal.
• 1943 - World War II: Benito Mussolini is forced out of office by his own Italian Grand Council and is replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
• 1944 - World War II: Operation Spring - one of the bloodiest days for Canadians during the war: 18,444 casualties, including 5,021 killed.
• 1946 - Operation Crossroads: an atomic bomb is detonated underwater in the lagoon of Bikini atoll.
• 1961 - In a speech John F. Kennedy emphasizes that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO.
• 1962 - US Army establishes its first armed helicopter unit.
• 1963 - International Test Ban treaty signed bringing to an end Atomic weapons tests in the Earth's admosphere.
• 1969 - Vietnam War: US President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine, stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This was the start of the "Vietnamization" of the war.
• 1993 - Israel launches a massive attack against Lebanon in what the Israelis call Operation Accountability, and the Lebanese call Seven-Day War.
• 1994 - Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration, which formally ends the state of war that has existed between the nations since 1948.
• 1998 - USS Harry S Truman (CVN-75) (Nimitz-class nuclear-powered supercarrier commissioned.
• 2007 - Military Power Forums moved to freeforums.org

Births

• 1562 - Kiyomasa Kato, Japanese warlord (d. 1611)
• 1750 - Henry Knox, American general (d. 1806)
• 1882 - George S. Rentz, Navy Chaplain, Navy Cross (d. 1942)
• 1935 - Adnan Khashoggi, Saudi arms merchant

Deaths

• 1865 - "James Barry", military surgeon, first female Briton to become a qualified medical doctor
• 2006 - Carl Brashear, first African-American U.S Navy Master Diver (b. 1931)

Holidays and observances

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